In what scenario would constructive notice apply?

Constructive notice applies in the context of property transactions when information is made available to the public so that anyone can discover it through reasonable investigation. In this scenario, when property is recorded and available for public access, it provides constructive notice to all interested parties. This means that even if a buyer or another party is not directly informed about an ownership interest or a claim against the property, they are still considered to have knowledge of it because that information is accessible through public records.

This principle is crucial in real estate law as it helps protect the rights of parties involved in property transactions. By ensuring that important information regarding property is filed and can be searched, the law effectively provides a framework for resolving disputes over property ownership and interests. Therefore, anyone conducting due diligence—such as a potential buyer—should consult public records to ascertain the state of title to the property and any encumbrances that may exist.

The other scenarios do not adequately represent instances where constructive notice is applicable. They involve situations that may pertain to property transactions in a more indirect manner but do not focus on the public accessibility of property records, which is central to the concept of constructive notice.